Obesity Debate Essay Example for Free

Obesity Debate EssayIn the five share denomination, Rethinking Weight by Amanda Spake, the author outlines the conflict surrounding whether corpulency classifies as a illness. Spake discusses the prevalence of obesity in America and sheds light on the inclination that obesity may contain genetic roots. The article continues with the authors insights into whether encumbrance or fitness retains the most importance. Spake concludes the article with thoughts on the growing take of insurance policy coerage and obesity interference. The author guides that At the heart of this obesity epidemic is a debate over whether obesity is a biological infirmity and should be treated like any other life-threatening illness cancer, heart complaint or whether it is simply a risk factor for these killers (282). Spake successfully supports the claim by incorporating a narrative account, explaining the biology, psychological science, and scientific research of obesity, and stating how hostelry may already classify obesity as a disease, but Spake strays from the intellect of obesity qualifying as a disease when she describes the role insurance companies play when paying for obesity treatment.The article begins with a narrative account of female horse Pfisterer. Spake uses Maria Pfisterers story to reveal the struggles obesity and dieting inflict upon a person. According to the author, Pfisterers many attempted diets, in terms of weight All resulted in a little lost and more regained, which supports the idea of weight and dieting inflicting a constant burden in the lives of many Americans (282). Spake in like manner included in the story of Pfisterers weight battle the idea that no matter how hard Pfisterer tried to lose weight or what order Pfisterer thought to try, the weight never permanently disappeared, which in turn supports the concept of obesity being more than just a physical ailment.The author excessively discusses the possible treatment of gastric b ypass surgery for Pfisterer, which remains unavailable to Pfisterer due to the high cost and specific criteria an individual must possess in order to receive the surgery. The narrative story provides an appeal to emotions by showing one womans struggle with weight and the effect that struggle embodies in Pfisterers life. The story similarly provides a persuasive element, influencing a want for Pfisterer to achieve her personal weight goals.The author pinpoints a persons biology and psychological state as possible factors in the development of obesity. Xavier Pi-Sunyer from the Obesity Research Center at St. Lukes-Roosevelt Hospital suggests obesity is a biologically opinionated process (282). Many weight researchers also believe that obesity is controlled by a powerful biological system of hormones, proteins, neurotransmitters, and genes that regulate fat storage and body weight and tell the brain when, what, and how much to eat (284). Rudolph Leibel, a Columbia University geneti cist, also states, I believe there are strong genetic factors that get hold susceptibility to obesity (285).The given beliefs demonstrate how obesity qualifies as more than a personal decision. A persons biology resists changes therefore, the idea of obesity as a biological condition contains validity for Spakes claim. The author also includes Brian Wansinks perspective, obesity is not just biology its psychology (286). The brain plays a key role in how obesity operates differently in individuals. The author continues to explain how, psychologically, obese individuals hold no control over the eating habits the overweight display. Spakes inclusion of biological and psychological ideas presented by reliable professionals persuades critical audiences to agree with the authors claim.Scientific research also plays a part in the obesity debate. Spake uses a variety of logos and ethos information to support the claim of the ongoing debate over the classification of obesity. The article i ntegrates the use of statistics from various studies on weight and obesity to solidify the authors beliefs. The author gives a shocking statistic that A majority of Americansnow 64 percentare overweight or obese and struggling to conquer their expanding waistlines before their fat overtakes their health (282).A study done of twins showed that 20 to 70 percent of weight issues developed through inheritance. other study conducted by RTI International and the Centers for Disease Control and Preventions stated, the nation is spending about $75 billion a year on weight-related disease (283). Spake even includes the statistic saying that, Simply eating with one other person increases the average amount eaten at meals by 44 percent, which refers to the psychological aspect of obesity (286). The authors use of statistical information provides a strong backing for Spakes claim about the obesity debate.Although not officially categorized as a disease, some organizations in society already li st obesity as a disease. Spake chooses to include examples of situations in society where obesity may already encompass similar characteristics to a disease. The diseases that result from excessive amounts of weight embody a with child(p) situation described by the author. Almost 80 percent of obese adults have one of these conditions, and nearly 40 percent have two or more, Spake suggests when referring to diseases, such as heart disease, Type II diabetes, and high cholesterol that relate to the presence of obesity.Another example the author mentions confirms that, The WHO has listed obesity as a disease in its International Classification of Disease since 1979. Spake raises concern as to why obesity still remains uncategorized as an official disease when large quantities of overweight individuals contract other diseases due to the affliction of obesity and when a substantial organization already includes obesity in a database of diseases. Another statistic included in the discuss ion reads About 325,000 deaths a year are attributed to obesity (283). This shocking statistic sparks the question of why obesity lacks the definition of a disease even further.However, the author strays from her claim when insurance problems come into the article. Bringing the topic of insurance into the discussion provides no backing for any of the authors claim. Spake chose to incorporate that The health insurance industry argues that obesity treatmentscant be covered (287).The claim refers to whether obesity classifies as a disease, not the effect of insurance coverage on those affected by obesity. Also, the author included that the costof treatment and health insurance will escalate (288). The price tag of treatment and rising insurance costs gives no support to the debate of obesity classifying as a disease that Spake claims as the purpose of the article. The inclusion of the insurance tanning distracts from the key issues the article puts forth, leaving readers to question t he main idea of the article.In summation, Spake successfully supports the claim by incorporating a narrative account, explaining the biology, psychology, and scientific research of obesity, and stating how society may already classify obesity as a disease, but Spake strays from the claim when she describes the role of insurance companies in paying for obesity treatment.Works CitedSpake, Amanda. Rethinking Weight. paternity and Reading for ACP Composition. Comp. Thomas E. Leahey and Christine R. Farris. New York Pearson Custom Publishing, 2009. 285-88. Print.

Cybercrime Definition Essay Example for Free

Cyber offence Definition Essay1 What is a cybercrime in your own words?Cybercrime, also called computer crime because the use of a computer is used as tool to help people meet their illegal ends. Some cybercrime examples are committing fraud, trafficking in child crock and intellectual property, stealing other peoples identity, or violating privacy of others.2 What is the extent of cybercrime in the United States?Cyber crimes here in the United States are becoming very(prenominal) dangerous and serious, this could include online scams, also here in the United States we are the highest target for cyber crimes. And sometimes, it is very hard to measure the extent of cyber-crime in the US, due to the accompaniment that when authorities record cyber-crime, they dont necessarily record it as a computer-related offense. It is most often recorded as fraud or some other unoriginal crime. The people who hack alone cost the US billions of dollars every year. 3 How do you think we shou ld control / enforce cybercrime?Well, One of the first steps you discharge take is to add firewalls to your computer so that scams and viruses are less likely to bug your computer. Also, one of the major steps, always make sure not to ingest out your personal information and only shop on secure websites. I never give out any personal information of mine online unless it is 100 percent secure. If it is not secure somebody else could have your identity very quick. Costing you a lot of money. I definitely do not want my identity stolen. Most secure websites will have a logo saying Website Secured.These steps will help ensure that some contradict activity does not occur.4 Do you think enforcement can be effective? Why or why not? Yes, definitely because at least(prenominal) it can guarantee us safety in the worldwide web and it could also teaches us to be more well discipline and to strengthen the norms that is disposal that society. Enforcement could maybe dig more deeper into thi s and help find who is commiting these cybercrimes. There should not be any mysteries or excuses as far as how to solve or lessen cybercrime. I know that the government can find these cyber criminals as we all know that our government has more advanced technology than we can possibly imagine.

A Thai Learner in the Learning Context Essay Example for Free

A Thai Learner in the Learning Context Essay1. IntroductionThe Cambridge corroboration in incline Language Teaching to Adults (CELTA), offered by the University of Cambridge (ESOL Examinations), is run in over 120 centers around the world and it is considered by many authorities as the most important form of training in the TELF (Teaching side of meat as a Foreign Language) industry. Between 30th of tremendous and 24th of September 2004 I attended the Cambridge CELTA course at English and Computer College (ECC) from Bangkok.Cambridge ESOL is a not-for-profit department of the University of Cambridge. It is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group, Europes largest assessment agency. Cambridge Assessment was established in 1858 as the University of Cambridge local Examinations Syndicate (UCLESS). Cambridge ESOL provides exams and tests covering a large range of subjects and levels with more than 8 million assessments taken every year in over 150 countries. English and Computer College was established in 1990 and is the largest private lyric school from Thailand, with more than 50 branches spread all over the country. It runs a wide variety of courses from world(a) conversation and grammar to specialized test preparation. It also provides pre-service and in-service teacher training programs for native and non-native spill the beansers of English.During the CELTA course that I attended, the trainers exposed the students (most of them teachers of English themselves) to the principles of effective teaching while the students acquired a range of practical skills for teaching English to adult learners. The course included theory sessions, teaching practice with real students, observation of experienced teachers and completion of a range of practically focused written assignments. The present paper was built upon one of these assignments. It is a case study of a Thai young adult female who was a student in my CELTA teaching practice lessons. The paper focuse s on the learner in the learning context and identifies specific problems and recommends ways of dealing with the language problems that the interviewed student encountered . The paper ends with the rationalefor the recommended activities and an overall conclusion.2. Profile of the learnerThe student I chose to observe and interview was Miss P.R. Her nickname is Nun, and she comes from Thailand. She was 24 years obsolescent at the time of the interview in 2004 and graduated from Busayarat Commercial School from Bangkok, with a degree in Computers in 1998. She had been studying English ever since primordial school, when she was taught the basics of the English language. In high school, her English teachers focused mainly on vocabulary work, and during her university studies she had a few classes of English every week. She had been studying English by herself and had taken different language courses intensively since 2003. She joined the CELTA English classes at English Computer Col lege in Bangkok on the 30th of August 2004. She attended all the classes, joining her 15 classmates five times a week.Miss P.R. had an outgoing personality. She was always willing to take part in the activities that the teachers prepared for the CELTA English lesson at ECC. The materials used by the teachers during the lessons varied, ranging from visual aids to worksheets, tape recorders, books, and game boards. Each lesson she took part in different writing, reading, listening, or speaking activities, simply she also played fun games.When asked, she said that she believed the focus of the English lessons was mainly on speaking skills. She considered the lessons at ECC relaxed, and the students had and wanted to have a atomic reactor of fun. She felt that the foreign teachers were friendly and that they all had interesting personalities, which were reflected in their teaching styles. She noticed that the teachers have different accents too. She confessed that some of the teacher s talked too fast, and sometimes she had to translate or explain the activities to her classmates.In her opinion, a legal teacher should be kind and listen to all the students in the class. She would like teachers to pay more attention to the namby-pamby students and have in mind the fact that Thai students are shy and do not like to express their personal feelings. She thought it was a good idea for the teachers to force them the students to speak if they the students were reluctant to speak up in English.One of the main reasons why she was so outspoken was the fact that she had the chance to speak English outside the classroom with other foreigners too. Her educational background and her motivation were also important factors that built up her confidence.3. Specific problemsHer nationality was also important in her English learning context due to the fact that Thais have a specific mind set regarding languages. During my observations and interview I had noticed that she made gh ost mistakes in pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary.

Effects of the Geometrical Conditions on Side Channel Pump

nucleusuate of the Geometrical Conditions on fount Channel nitty-grittyEffects of the Geometrical Conditions on the Performance of a Side Channel Pump A reviewAppiah Desmond, Zhang Fan, Yuan Shouqi and Osman Majeed KorantengNational Research Center of Pumps, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China scheme The post blood line nub is a type of regenerative ticker which plays a role in between the centrifugal affectionateness and the positive displacement warmness. This variety show of philia delivers a elevated bearing at relatively small adverts compared with other axial and centrifugal pumps even though it requires a low specialised speed. This paper firstly focuses on the physical principle behind the run for distinctions illustrating the complex break away in incline the slope comport pump. Further discussions disclosed that, the hydraulic performance of the pump amplely depends on the variations of the geometrical parameters. This review draws conclusion th at, enhancement of the computational simulationing techniques will repair the efficiency of this pump on that pointby broadening its applications.Keywords Side Channel Pump, Hydraulic Performance, head, geometrical parameters, computational modeling1.0 Introduction The side ancestry pump since its inception in 1920 by Siemen and Hinsch 1 has had great influence in the world of engineering. This pump plays a role in between the centrifugal pump and the positive displacement pump. The side channel pump is a kind of regenerative pump which has a low specific speed and requires minimal Net Suction Pump Head (NSPH). Due to its unique properties to self-prime and transports both(prenominal) liquids and bollocks, it has been used mainly in the fields of oil and gas industry, mining and other applicable fields. Most of these pumps concur the ability to handle liquid with gas or vapor inclusions up to ab come forth 50% and to a fault other media close to their boiling point 2. The sid e channel pumps base its operation on the momentum transfer principle moving from the impeller sword to the bland in the side channel of the pump 3, 4.The side channel pump delivers a with child(p) head performance at relatively small flows 5. The fluid gets into the pump and leaves afterward numerous impeller movements. The fluid velocity and its head increase ca utilise it to have the capability to produce a head ( instancy) compared to the axial and centrifugal pumps. Due to the smaller pressure difference, a fluid entering this type of pump scalelike to its vapor pressure is less susceptible to the pressure change that can bring about cavitation4. Over the years, the enhancement of the total efficiency of this pump relieve remains a challenge to engineers and scientist. The flow prise of fluid in the side channel pump is meaning(a)ly influenced by the impeller designs on this basis pressing attention needs to be given to the design and optimization of the impeller and si de channel 5, 6.2.0 Flow Mechanism The side channel pump mainly features a side channel in figure 1a. and an impeller usually with 18 to 26 weathervanes figure 1b, which delivers the fluid circumferentially. The assembly of the side channel and the impeller is shown in figure 1c. The fluid flows in a straight line from the deferral of the pump and leaves through the outlet in a helical form after numerous re-entries into the rotating impeller. This effect causes an up grow in the pump head (pressure) from about 510 times better than the impeller of a common pump rotating at the same speed 5, 6.side channel (b) radial impellerThe assembly of side channel and impeller strain 1 Typical side channel with radial impellerThis makes the flow of fluids in this kind of pump very complex as depicted in figure 2. The pump does not transport the same volume of fluid that enters out meanwhile nigh portion of the fluid moves back into interrupter gap and is conveyed by the pressure side of th e marque to the suction side 6. Shirinov and Oberbeck 3 explained the movement of gas in the side channel pump. They pointed out that the momentum acquired by the blades of the impeller is transferred to the gas. The velocity of the gas is then increased both in the axial and radial direction by the impeller blades in the side channel. regard 2. Flow pattern of liquids in the Side Channel Pump 5The upthrust and the circulation models are largely used to describe the performance of the pump and in addition the characteristic curve computation. The side channel pump efficiency is usually below 40% because it is a type of a regenerative pump 5, 6. Basically, the flow is very dependent on the orientation of the impeller, impeller blade and the side channel. There are many configurations of the impeller blade and shapes of the channel as depicted in figure 3 by Song et al. 7.Figure 3 Different kinds of blade and channel shapes 7A study by Senoo 8 on the influence of the burgeon for thing surface domain of a function for assorted geometries of the entrance region of the regenerative pump observed the large channel region at the admittance port as capable of developing high pressure head leading to a better cavitation performance of the pump. Song et al. 7 developed a model for the flow theory in the regenerative pump to help care for the lapses in the influences of Senoo8 and Wilson et al. 9 which mainly concentrated on the exchange of momentum of the flow. There were inaccuracies of some of the models suggested by 8, 9 to reduce the losses and slip factor links. This make the accurate prediction of the off-design flow conditions very incapable. Song and his colleagues 7 concentrated on introducing vibrant mathematical algorithms demonstrating the true behavior of the flow in the developing area of the inlet region. They establish their research on assumptions which guided them in arriving at some meaningful conclusions. The velocity tri locomote relatio n between absolute velocity, V relative velocity, W and the impeller velocity, U was define based on the velocity tri burthen in figure 4 at blade inlet, R1 and blade outlet, R2.Figure 4 Velocity triangle at locations R1 and R2 7From figure 5, there is no tangential velocity in the front and rear faces of the blade region. Thereby, the continuity was defined in equation 1 based on their first assumption that the flow should be steady and incompressible.(1)Figure 5 Elements of one side channel and blade 7They developed the first-order nonlinear Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE) for predicting the circulatory velocity which showed a good agreement when its results were compared with that of experimental results.A new differentiate of fluid mechanics developed in the last decades called Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has been employed lately in the modern engineering science to probe the flow of fluids in turbo machines. The study of the fluid flow in the side channel pump us ing the CFD tool and an analytical method was the centered of Bhle and Mullers 10 research. They developed an analytical model for the flow taking into condition some assumptions. A momentum balance was expressed for the control volume of the flow in a circumferential course.(2)Where Cin = uniform velocity in circumferential courseCsc = uniform velocity in the side channelexch = mass exchange flowp = static pressureA =Side channel cross-section areaA1 = surface control volume = mean snip stressFigure 6 momentum balance 7The efficiency of the impeller and side channel was defined as(3)Where imp = impeller efficiencyPexch = Exchange feat PowerP dig = Power of shaftPhydr = Hydraulic power losses(4)Where sc= side channel efficiencyPeff = effective power = side channel pump mass flowg = acceleration due to gravityH = head of side channel pumpCin = uniform velocity in circumferential course= flow rate volumeA =Side channel cross-section areaBased on the efficiencies of the impeller an d the side channel, the efficiency of the side channel pump, was computed to be(5)Later, Kristof and his colleagues 11 also utilize the CFD to model the flow course in the side channel pump as displayed in figure 6. A technique was modeled to optimize the orientation of the blade and the shape of the side channel to control the flow losses. They carried out simulations with the k- turbulent conditions based on a 40100 cell tetrahedral mesh.Figure 6(a) and (b) Typical flow course with the side channel pump 11In 2005, Engeda and Raheel 12 presented mathematical tools capable of examining the complex flow inside the regenerative pumps. These mathematical tools were used also used to develop the prediction performance code for regenerative pumps3.0 Effects of the Geometrical design of the parameters of the Side Channel Pump The performance of the regenerative pump was examined by Iverson 13 with his focus on the shear stress generated by the impeller on the fluids. He then confirmed o n his resulting expressions (two shear coefficients and an average impeller velocity) through experimentations. A mathematical tool was proposed by Wilson et al. 9 to investigate the performance of regenerative pumps which used radial blades. Equal pressure head rise and circulatory velocity through the channel region was anticipated by Wilson and his team. frequently attention was given to the spiral flow to achieve many ways of curtailing the losses. Their results provided experimental verification after comparing the numerical and experimental performance curves. Yoo et al. 14 also tried to develop advanced mathematical equations to calculate the geometry of the rotating flows. They offered enhanced models to examine the flow rate, the average radii of the inlet and outlet impeller and the slip factor based on the exchange of momentum proposal by Wilson et al 9. The models required an experimental boost to evaluate an empirical upshot in the proposed experimental model. The ef fect of the blade angle was not considered thus limiting the applicability as a design tool.The variation of the radial blade numbers, the clearance and the channel region of regenerative pumps were conducted by Shimosaka and Yamazaki 15. Investigations conducted by varying the dimension of flow channels, impellers and clearances on a regenerative pump concluded that, the characteristic dimension of the flow channel is related to the clearances effects, which in turn influences the pump efficiency. The characteristic dimension of the flow channel was introduced as a special dimension which was given as(6)Where Rmis the characteristic dimension of flowA is the cross-sectional area of the flow channel is the circumferential length of the blade(vane)Figure 7 Flow channel and blade penThey reported that a suitable Rm would yield a high efficiency of the pump. Therefore, the value of the Rm determines the permissible clearance. The pump efficiency was also strongly influenced by the num ber of blades (vanes) which is dependent on the characteristic dimension of the flow channel, the thickness and length of the blade and the breadth ratio as shown in figure 7. It was established that the efficiency of the pump varies with different width ratios of the vane groove which aids in the determination of the blade number.Width ratio,(7)Defining Z = Number of bladesD = Diameter of impellert1 = Peripheral width of blade groove t2 = Peripheral length of blade grooveAdditionally, Yamazak et al. 16 also carried out works to investigate the efficiency of the regenerative pump. Unlike Shimosaka and Yamazaki 15, they used the non-radial blades and concluded that the blade angle and the cross-sectional area of the flow channel play a vital role in the determination of the head (pressure) loss in the flow channel.h = Hs Hmin(8)Where h = the magnitude of head loss Hs = the suction head Hmin = the minimum pressure head in flowIt was noted that the magnitude of h reduces to almost h alf that of water with the same velocity in the event of high viscous liquid. Motivated especially by the observations made by 15, 16, Grabow 17 also took into consideration the effects of the impeller, the number of blades and the role of the radii and thickness of the blades during his research study. The blade angles were varied to define a very satisfactory exchange of naught and pressure head levels, which in effect helps to evaluate cavitation performance better. Bartolini and Romani 18 also affirm that, the flow rate of the regenerative pumps depends on the optimization of the impeller flow. A new theory was proposed by Badami 19 on the calculation of the circulation flow rate of the regenerative pumps. This model took into account the field of the centrifugal force in both the side channel and the blade orientation. Also, his work also considered the influences of the geometry of the blades (number and angles) and the area of the side channel. Earlier it had been discussed by Sachs and Shirinov 20 that the best number of blades depends directly on the diameter of the impeller and inversely proportional to the side channels size. by and by that work, Shirinov and Oberbeck3 then focused their investigations on the transportation of gas in the side channel pump by using different blade profiles. They compared C, V, and Y blade profiles with the radial (T) blade profile as shown in figure 8.Figure 8 goblineller with different blade profilesAfter comprehensive comparisons, it was established that blade profile C gave an optimal performance at pressures exceeding 20kPa meanwhile at pressures from 100Pa to 20kPa, the impeller with blade profile V (Chevron) recorded an optimal performance because there was a high transfer of momentum from the impeller to the gas inside the side channel within such pressure range. An extensive experimental research was also conducted by Choi et al. 21.Their work was mainly focused on the limitations of 14, 15, 17. They exami ned the effects of the geometry on the blade on the efficiency of regenerative pumps. Ten different configurations of blades which comprised straight inclined blades with angles of 0, 15, 30 and 45 and chevron impeller blade with chevron angles of 15, 30, and 45 were used in conducting the experiments. The measured performance of the pump were measured based on the dimensionless flow , head coefficient, , efficiency, and power coefficient, .(9)Where Q = volumetric flow rateQs= rigid- proboscis rotational volume displacement rate (10)H = headUg = rigid body rotation velocityg = acceleration due to gravity(11)The experimental results showed that the pressure head and the pump efficiency is greatly related to the geometry (shape and angle) of the blade as revealed in figure 9(a) and 9(b).Figure 9(a). Pump curve characteristics for the different blade orientation 21Figure 9(b). Efficiency curve characteristics for the blade orientations 21The chevron blade(V-shaped) with chevron angle of 30 recorded the highest head performance with a better pump efficiency as revealed in figure 8(a) and 8(b) after a comparative rise of all the ten blades masking that there was an optimum chevron angle of around 30. This report showed good agreement with the work of 3 because of the high energy transfer at high pressures. The variation of the Reynolds number plays an important role in the performance of the regenerative pump computationally and experimentally. It was established by Horiguchi et al. 22 that, as the Reynolds number declines the pressure head of the regenerative pump rises at low flow rate and reduces at high flow rate. This effect of the Reynolds number is greatly affected by the degree of the shear force applied the impeller and the shear stress exerted by the fluid on the casing wall. Meakhail and Park 23 with the help of the CFD put forward an ameliorate model to enhance the efficiency of the regenerative pump. They based their arguments on the experimental w orks conducted by Meakhail et al. 24, Abdou et al. 25 and Abd El-Messih et al. 26 on the same kind of pump. They then confirmed their numerical model with the experimental results which were in good correlation.Figure 10a Spiral flow course 23 Figure 10b Impeller and Side channel dimensions 23The improved model considered the tip (2), side (2s) and inlet (1) angles since a part of the fluid flowing leaves at the tip of the impeller and the other part of the fluid leaves at the side as indicated in figure 10. The CFX software program was used to compare the efficiency of the pump with radial blades of different 2s at the tip of the blade and 1 for the same 2. They confirmed that the side-blade angle has a significant effect on the performance of the side channel pump. The FLUENT software was applied in the examination of the flow of the fluid in this kind of pump by 27, 28. The experimental results corroborated the CFD analysis. They also used a one-dimensional method to describe th e energy transfer inside the regenerative pump and estimate the influence of the geometry of the blade on the efficiency of the pump.The performance of the regenerative pump was examined by Karanth et al. 29 numerically with the help of CFD. They studied the complex nature of the flow of fluid inside the regenerative pump. It was discussed that the number of impeller blades had a great significant on the performance of the pump. The head performance of the pump appreciates with the increase in the number of blades. Following the works of 29 the CFD was also applied by Maity et al. 30 to simulate the flow of fluids in regenerative pumps. It was established from their work that the pressure head loss can be minimized by curving the outlet flow domain as indicated in figure 11.Figure 11 Regenerative Pump model displaying the curvature in the outlet domain 30It was indicated that there is a high rotating stalling flow at the outlet of the pump because of the reduction of the area. This effect enhances the static and total pressure across the pump. Hence, the curvature in turn increases the moolah pressure head by reducing the vortex flow as in shown in figure 12.Figure 12 Bar diagram showing the total pressure for the Pump model with outlet domain curvature 30They also ended that, the net pressure is significantly enhanced by locate the blades on either side of the impeller by offsetting. Moreover, the net pressure is also affected by varying the number of blades on either side of the impeller. Fleder 31 numerically and experimentally examined the effects of the geometry of the blade on industrial side channel pumps in 2012. Two different impeller blade profiles were developed using ANSYS CFX 13.0 and subjected to investigations as shown in figures 13 and 14.Figure 13 Design of the Side Channel Pump 31Figure 14 Impeller Blade Profiles 31He concluded his work after comparison of the computational and experimental results. The experimental validation was done with a rotational speed of 750 rpm. The Imp 1 depicted good accordance both numerically and experimentally. Meanwhile, Imp 2 recorded a faster head rise because of the higher circulation frequency. This, in turn produces a greater multi-stage influence as depicted in figure 15.Figure 15 Assessment of the pressure head performance of the simulated and experimental results for Imp 1 and Imp 231In addition, Fleder again with Bohle 32 carried out advanced studies to improve the performance of the side channel pump. In this paper, they extended their scope not only to cover the blade profile. The impeller diameter, the size of the gap, interrupter size, side channel height and the shape of the side channel were the main parameters considered. Variation of the height of the side channel, h, the width of the blade, w and the length of the blade, l, were applied to two different pump models in figure 15.Pump Model A Pump Model AImpeller Diameter = 150 mm Impeller Diameter = 160 mm jailbreak Siz e s, = 0.2 mmGap Size s, = 0.4 mmInterrupter size = 300Interrupter size = 460Side Channel height, h = 35 mmSide Channel height, h = 40 mmShape of Side Channel = semi-circleShape of Side Channel = StraightFigure 16 Variations in the pump models A and B 32Figure 17 Parameters of the Side Channel Pump 32The ICEM software was applied to develop the computational models which were meshed using the structured hexahedral multi-blocks grids. They chose k-w-SST profile to assess the flow fluctuations. It was gathered that the efficiency of the pump is dependent on the ratio of the side channel height, h to the blade length, l. Furthermore, sharper pressure head features and meaningfully greater efficiencies are achieved with a gap reduction of the pump.The work done by 21, 31, 32 on the influence of the blade angle motivated Nejadrajabali et al.4 in 2016 also to analyze the pattern of the flow and the improvement of the efficiency of the pump by modifying the geometry of the blades. Their fo cus was on the effect of the variations of the angle of the blade, numerically on the efficiency of the regenerative pump such as the side channel pump. The investigations were carried out using two sets of impellers i.e. (the symmetric blade angles and asymmetric blades angles). The symmetric blade angles were designed with the same inlet and outlet angles of 10o, 30o and 50o whiles the asymmetric blade angles were also designed with the inlet set to 0o and different outlet angles ranging from 10o to 50o as illustrated in figure 18.Forward/backward 1,2 = 10o Forward/backward 1,2 = 30o Forward/backward 1,2 = 50oSymmetric blades with equal inlet 1 and outlet 2 anglesForward/backward 2 = 10o Forward/backward 2 = 30o Forward/backward 2 = 50oAsymmetric blades with inlet 1 = 0oFigure 18 Geometrical designs of impellers 4These geometrical designs were well enhanced with the application of the CFX software using the Reynolds decomposition to evaluate the complete 3D Reynolds-averaged Na vier-Stokes equations. It was pointed out after the numerical simulations that, the forward symmetric blade angles compared with the other models recorded higher coefficients of heads and displayed a better performance. Recently, Zhang together with his colleagues 33 improved the head pressure performance of the side channel pump by varying the suction side blade angles from 00 to 300 as indicated in figures 19 and 20.Figure 19 Cross-sectional area of the blade 33 Figure 20 The impeller with motley suction side blade profileangles indicating = 100, = 200 and = 300 33The CFX 14.5 commercial software was used to simulate the turbulence based on the k-w SST model. After experimentally comparing the results with the numerical simulations, it was recognized that the head performance appreciates with increasing suction side blade angles within a certain range. Even though the impeller blade profile with suction angle 300 recorded the optimal head performance, there was no significant promotional material in the efficiency of the side channel pump. The regenerative pump (side channel pump) records efficiencies lesser than other types of pumps like the axial and centrifugal pumps. Bhle et al. 34 lately attempted to improve the efficiency of the side channel pump by using the direct method in the context of the CFD simulations to calculate the massive losses which are associated with the various kinds of internal flow patterns of the fluid. The second law of thermodynamics was main physical principle applied in the estimation of the internal losses due to the flow patterns. gibe to Spurk and Aksels 35 proposal expressed in equation 10, the specific entropy s is a state variable agreeing with the second law of thermodynamics appreciates in all material and irreversible mechanical process in the case of turbomachinery.(12)Where = density of the fluids = specific entropyu = velocity component in x directionv = velocity component in y direction w = velocity compone nt in z directionx = x coordinatey = y coordinatez = z coordinate= heat flux density vector= Dissipation= local dissipation by heat transferAfter the applications of three different models ( i.e. k- model, k- model and the k- -SST model) to calculate and locate the coefficient of the losses, they remarked that the k- model and k- model predicts estimates regions of higher coefficient of losses matched to the k--SST model.4.0 ConclusionThough there have been several investigations into the theory of the flow principle of the fluid and variation of the geometry of the impeller and side channel, t

The Importance of Audit Independence

The Importance of Audit Independence1. IntroductionAs the development of the modern business, canvas is playing a more and more all important(predicate) role to in confident(predicate) the trueness of the pecuniary composition and help report users to make proper decisions. Consequently, it is very important for scrutinizeors to appease independency in body and head word when conducting an examine based on a universal limited fraternity. To expound this topic clearly, the essay is divided into the pursual parts Firstly, it makes a literature canvas of scrutinise freedom and concluded the viewpoint into four categories secondly, it introduces the definition of audit independence in body and understanding and stated the important of both of them separately Finally, it analyzes why it is important to remain audit independence from many angles such as shargonholders, creditors, government, operators and other stakeholders.2. Literature reviewWhen it comes to the audit inde pendence, many scholars have conducted systematic research in this topic. Some scholars pointed out that auditor has two kinds of independence- body and mind, miss of the former one may shake the publics confidence on independence and lead to interest conflicts, and lack of the latter one means auditors lose their professional ethics and this is very spartan (Carmichael Swieringa, 1968). Salehi have emphasized that the cornerstone for the auditing profession is audit independence. The auditors opinion is suspect without independence and the third parties think that there is no need for external auditors without independence (Salehi, 2009).Due to highschoolly publicized audit failures, the topic of auditor independence has gained increasing attention from academics, regulators, and practitioners around the world in recent years (Hope Langli, 2008). downstairs the background of many high profile companies fraud cases exposure such as Enron, Adelphia, WorldCom, the importance of audit independence to reform corporate governance is acquire more and more attention (Rezaee. 2003).As the no-audit services has become a more and more important lucrative business for CFA firms, audit independence is approximately influenced, which make it even more crucial to maintain audit independence for auditors (Gul, Tsui Dhaliwal, 2006).Besides, Bou-Raad G. emphasized the significance of audit importance from the value -added prospect. Internal auditors are not just a traditional audit for supervision but also a valuable access to assisting managers to execute the objectives of the organization. In other words, corporate forethought benefits from audit quality (Bou-Raad. 2000).From the literature preceding(prenominal), the importance of audit independence can be categorized into four reasons Firstly, audit independence can hold the public confidence and avoid interest conflicts Secondly, audit independence can help auditors to show high quality pecuniary report an d avoid scandals like Enron misfire Thirdly, the development of no-audit services make it more difficult but more important to maintain audit independence Lastly, audit independence can improve the quality of audit and it can assist managers to make strategy formulations.3. The introduction of audit independence in body and mindWhen it comes to remaining independence in body, it can be also called physical independence, external independence or surface independence. Auditors should take the role of independence auditors on front of the third parties. And it is the address evidence for the public judging the independence of auditors. formerly report users think that auditors have some current or potential human relationship that damages the independence with the consigner such as employment, business partner, family or relatives and so on, it will definitely decrease the audit function as they probably do not depend on those reports so very much (Law, 2010). Auditors should have no specific relationships with entity, and they mustnt hold equity stakes of the entity and should not be on the senior position of it. In order to avoid misunderstanding and enhance the trust, auditor must avoid or diminish this threat to a level which is acceptable. Independence in mind is hard to improve and the public can only infer the independence of auditors from the body like relationships with the entity and other stakeholders. Actually, even if auditors maintain independence in mind, as long as the public think they take sides with the entity or any other parties, no matter how precise the audit result is it is use slight.As for remaining independence in mind, it demands that there is no stake between auditor and the consigner intrinsically. In the whole auditing process, auditor should nurture an unbiased place that makes a professional decision and never succumbs to any external pressure. It comes up with higher requirement for auditors mindset. They are required to be neutral, objective and item-based.Actually, those two concepts are different but integrative. They reflect both external and internal sides. Only remaining independence in body and mind can make sure the auditing result persuasive. Also, the function and value of conducting audit can be realized.4. The importance of remaining audit independenceStakeholders make economy decisions by taking receipts of reports. Whether those reports are related and reliable are questions. Audit can help to solve this problem. However, auditor fails to fulfill the duty if they cannot remain independence in the conducting process. On one hand, report users will doubt this kind of dependence if they thought auditor and consigner belong to the same party. On the other hand, when auditor cannot keep an unbiased mindset, the auditing opinion probably gets wrong. For example, auditor fails to find out the information is cooked and issues unqualified opinion. This result is easy to conduct related repor t users for decision making. They may bear loss because of depending on this audit opinion. As the situation varies from Stakeholder to Stakeholder, the following analysis in the importance to remain independence in body and mind is based on different Stakeholders.4.1 The importance of audit independence for the shareholdersShareholders are the direct beneficiary of companies and they will get more bonuses if the companies operate successfully. Consequently, shareholders have high demand for audit independence. Actually, when the participation is in poor operation, controlling shareholders are not willing to public the truth, and then hurt the interest of minority shareholders. authoritative shareholders dont have the incentive to employ high independence auditors, and this phenomenon is called Entrenchment Effect (Fan Wong, 2002).As the shareholders right separates from the way right, owners do not involve into the daily management to the company. They employ mental faculty to operate their company and enjoy the gelts. Usually, shareholders care much about the profitability, efficiency, going concern, and solvency and so on. Those indexes reflect how well manager operates the company. Also, shareholders can measure managers action according to the information. Generally speaking, they obtain the information from the reports prepared by managers. However, the report may involve fraudulence because it is manager who makes those reports. It has the possibility that managers cook the report so as to cover up their mistakes, bad performance and other situation where they fail to fulfill their responsibility. At this time, auditors work helps answer the question that how much report users can depend on the report information. But if auditor is unable to keep independence, it probably arouses the doubt to audit opinion from report users. Obviously, audit loses the value under this condition. Without unbiased and objective audit opinion, report users are unab le to acquire useful information to know the companys condition and assess managers performance. Once shareholders lose control to the company, this business mechanism will definitely go disorder as managers probably make their own benefits by taking utility of shareholders resource and power and regardless of the limitation from regulation and law (Agbejule, 2009). In the end, the company probably goes to liquidation or bankruptcy.4.2 The importance of audit independence for creditorNowadays, debtor-creditor relationshipis very common and necessary. Debtors want to loan in order to expend production or develop new market, and creditors want to obtain interest exploitation their spare cash. And what the creditors concern most is the debtors ability to pay for the debt. The debtors fiscal reports can offer some information such as some ratios which can soften the debt paying ability. And if the company has a bad financial result, creditors can consider calling in a loan ahead of the expiry day to overlay their money is safe. However, those reports are made by the debtor. Therefore, creditors may raise the doubt whether there exists the possibility that debtor offer false information to diddle money or conceal the fact that they have no ability to pay that money back. At this time, auditors work can eliminate or alleviate this doubt. However, audit cant work out if auditor were unable to remain independence when conducting the audit. Creditors are likely to make a wrong decision due to the failed audit opinion. When creditor lends money to unqualified debtor, it probably bears a lot of bad accounts and toxic asset as consequence (Siddiqui, 2002). Consequently, audit independence which can help to provide true financial reports is very crucial to creditors.4.3 The importance of audit independence to governmentAs a company operates within one country, it uses the infrastructure device and investment environment offered by the government. It should take on ta x responsibility. The financial statement provided by companies is the evidence for government to decide whether levy or not and how many to levy. For example, business tax is based on the gross income of the company which can be found on the income statement. And the income tax is based on the profit also from income statement. If company cooks the financial reports in order to save tax cost, the government will be suffered directly. Therefore, government will conduct audit in case of tax evasion.Moreover, lacking of audit independence would influence government indirectly. If auditors provided fake financial reports, the pubic will be suffered. They will have less confidence on the trueness of the operation of the company, and the stakeholders will feel betrayed. If their interests are impaired, conflicts would emerge, and it is bad for the stability of the society. That is why the government published the 2002 Sarbanes-Oxley Act after the Enron Bomb.4.4 The importance of audit in dependence for operatorMany people may misunderstand that auditor is enemy to operator referring to manager in this essay and the existence of audit is a stone in the way. This idea is partial and shallow. The role of audit plays is to increase the dependence to the information and check whether the whole business activities are in accordance with the regulation. To some degree, it serves to obtain superior management (Shih, 2006). Sometimes, auditors will come up with solutions to the existing management problems. For example, the internal control has leak which may encounter situation where damages the whole benefits of company. Going details, the design of regulation may give a chance for embezzlement. Or auditor finds out some staff goes against regulation. Cases like that should call managers attention for better management. If auditor cannot keep independence when conducting audit, it will pose the threat to the company such as damage the company benefits. For example, the au ditor is a brother to the cashier. When this auditor conducts audit to cash, he cant remain independence or his independence has been affected. He may conceal the fact if the cashier had some guilt and issues unqualified opinion (Fadzil, 2005). Because of this opinion, managers cant notice this threat. It may have a bad effect on their working performance and company development.4.5 The importance of audit independence for the other stakeholdersThe existence of a company has to bear many responsibilities. Therefore, the stakeholders can never be limited to the above mention. When a company becomes a listed company namely a public limited company, it has to fulfill more duties to the society and accept more supervision from the public. It raises investment company by stock shares. Its public investors sell or buy the shares in the stock exchange, and their decision usually relies in the financial reports. However, those reports perhaps cannot reflect the financial position and incom e condition. Audit opinion is very important in their decision making process. If auditor could not remain independence, the audit opinion will mislead the users. Investors will lose money if they invested a loss company. For example, the collapse of Enron results from the accounting firm Andersen failed to remain independence. In the end, the share price cannot reflect the value of the company (Abbott, 2000). Stock market will go wrong and the economy will fall apart.5. ConclusionsThe most important responsibility for auditors is to provide high quality financial report which can help report users to make right decisions. The authenticity and reliability of the financial report is very crucial because it directly decides the strategies of stakeholders. The trueness of financial report which is also the quality of audit is decided by two factors professional competence of auditors and audit independence, and the latter is more important. Audit failures caused by lack of audit indepe ndence have led to many companies fraud cases. Audit independence is also the need of shareholders, creditors, government, operators and other stakeholders. All in all, it is really important for auditors to remain independence in body and mind when conducting an audit.

Technology Used In Mobile Wallet Computer Science Essay

applied science Used In peregrine Wallet Computer Science EssayMobile wallet system is an innovative and revolutionary breakthrough sprightly commerce solution that offers the conveniences of cash-less shopping, as well as making remote reachments via all mobile phone, where financial and merchandising transactions are done at the touch of the fingertips.Technology used in mobile wallet is known as Near champaign colloquy (NFC). Near Field Communication is a short range high frequency which changes the exchange of data between devices everyplace about a 10 centimeter distance.Keywords Mobile wallet, Near Field Communication, mobile commerce, intelliwal, DORIS i.e. Digital online registration and identification system. , RFID i.e. Radio Frequency IdentificationI. originMobile wallet also known as wallet phone is a mobile enabled performance that will replace a device from your goop i.e. your wallet. The emerging wireless and mobile networks have extended electronic commer ce to another research and application subject i.e. mobile commerce. This creates new opportunities for customers to conduct transmission line from any location at any bit of time. One of the significant application of mobile applications is transforming the mobile phone into a mobile wallet with digital cash that supports both as real cash and security 1. It is a type of mobile payment technology in which instead of paying with cash, checks or credit cards, a consumer can use a mobile phone to pay for wide range of services and digital or goods such asMusic, videos, ringtones, online game purchase, wallpapers and other goods.Transportation fare of bus, train etcBooks, magazines, tickets and other goodsThere are four primary models for mobile paymentsDirect Mobile BillingSMS establish transactional paymentsMobile web payments (WAP)NFC (Near Field Communication)So in the payment models, mobile wallet uses NFC technologyII. System RequirementA. Hardware requirementMobile resound th at should be NFC enabled.Touch point i.e. NFC enabled machineDoris SD card token for security purpose.B. Software requirementIntelliwalDORISOperating systemProgramming languageIntelliwal is a offend running mobile phone application which incorporates and extends all the functionality provided by a conventional physical wallet 8. History of all the transaction is maintained in this application.Digital online registration and identification system, for short DORIS is in the main for security purpose 8.Operating system for mobiles should be symbian.Programming language used is C++.III. Technology UsedNear Field Communication (NFC)Near Field Communication, for short NFC is a technology for short range communication. It uses magnetic field induction to enable communication between electronic devices based on Radio Frequency Identification (RFID). We have to just bring two NFC enabled devices in close come to for communication .Some examples of what a user can do with an NFC mobile pho ne in an NFC-enabled environmentDownload music or video from a swank poster.Exchange business cards with another NFC enabled phone.Print an image on a printer using your phone.Use a point-of-sale terminal to pay for a purchase, the same way as with a standard contactless credit card.Can pay train or bus fare using your phone.Communication Modes of NFCActive modePassive modeIn active mode devices can communicate with each other. Each device has to generate its own RF field, if it wants to send data. The RF field is alternately generated by one of the two devices.In passive mode a device has to use inductive conglutination to transmit data. For battery powered devices, like mobile phone it is better to use in passive mode. In this mode communication takes place between active device and passive device.OPERATING MODES OF NFCNFC devices work in three different operating modes 8PEER-TO-PEER MODEREADER/WRITER MODETAG rivalry MODEIV. System DescriptionWhile using mobile wallet we should have a mobile phone with NFC enabled in it and one touch point NFC enabled machine. If we want to buy anything just bring our mobile in contact of touch point and we can simply do the transaction using our mobile phone by entering the product code in an application called intelliwal which is present in NFC enabled handset.Intelliwal is a smart running mobile phone application which incorporates and extends all the functionality provided by a conventional physical wallet. History of all the transaction is maintained in this application.Digital online registration and identification system, for short DORIS is mainly for security purpose. DORIS works as tri interface chip is attached to NFC enabled mobile phone which provides authentication.V. ApplicationsMobile wallet application can be used by anyone having NFC enables handset. Currently nokia is giving this facility in roughly of its handset. It is more secure than keeping a wallet 9.Using NFC technology we can exchange data betwe en two devices, pay bus or train fare, print image on printer and lots of other applications.VI. AdvantagesMobile wallet provides immunity from keeping your wallet, credit card, debit card etc with you. Using your mobile phone you can shop anywhere you want.NFC has many favors such as mobile ticketing in public transport, exchange of data etc.VII. Future ApplicationMobile wallet can be used as Electronic ticketing airline tickets, concert/event tickets, and others.Electronic money.Travel cards.Identity documents.Mobile commerce.Electronic keys car keys, house/office keys, hotel room keys, etc 3.Currently it is in use in some countries such as US. Forging a tie-up with ICICI Bank and Bharti Airtel it is expected that nearly half of present Indian population will use this by 2010 4.VIII. ConclusionMobile wallet provides freedom from keeping your wallet, credit card, debit card etc with you. Using your mobile phone you can shop anywhere.Near Field Communication is an efficient tech nology for communications with short ranges. It offers an intuitive and simple way to transfer data between electronic devices. A significant advantage of this technique is the compatibility with existing RFID infrastructures.

Salvation Essay example -- Langston Hughes Religion Essays

Salvation In Langston Hughes essay Salvation, Langston talks about the first time he is going to be saved from sin. Langston is a late boy around the age of thirteen. He is going to church to see Jesus for the first time. In which case, he truly set abouts religion for the first time in his life. Throughout this essay Langston uses many narrative techniques such as, imagery, metaphors, and irony to explain his interpretation of that star night when he did non see Jesus. It was the night of the big revival, and Langston, a young boy going on the age of thirteen, was brought to his Aunt Reeds church to see Jesus and be saved from sin. His aunty told him, when you were saved from sin you saw a light, and something happened to you inside (219). He believed her. When he was brought to church, his aunt order him to the front row, where he sat calmly and patiently in the heat, waiting for the preacher to begin the service. The Preacher welcomed the young lambs (219) and started his s ermon. Towards the end of his speech he invited the young children to the altar to be saved. At this point, Langston was confused because he was not seeing Jesus before him. All the young boys and girls sprang to their feet except Langston and another boy named Westley. They were the notwithstanding two left on, what the parishioners of the church c eached, the mourners bench (218). Finally, Westley became very restless and decided that he was not going to sit on this bench anymore. Langston was left there all alone untilhis aunt ran over to him and asked him why he was not going to Jesus. She knelt there and prayed for him. Langston sat there waiting for something to happen, but nothing He truly wanted to see Jesus but he did not. Finally, he thought to himself and saw that nothing had happened to Westley for lying about not seeing Jesus. Langston indeed decides that he, too, will go to the altar and lie, hoping that nothing will happen to him for lying to God. Suddenly, loud cr ies of rejoice were heard throughout the church and everyone was pleased to see that all the new young lambs were blessed in the name of God (220). That night Langston cried because he did not understand why he did not see Jesus. His aunt had heard him and explained to his uncle, the Holy Ghost had come into my life (220). From that point on he did not believe there was a Jesus, since he d... ...fighting his feelings about not seeing Jesus. He feels that he is lying to God and himself by getting up and being saved even though he cannot see Jesus. regular(a) though the reader knows that he truly is being saved from sin. He is doing something good for himself. Therefore, we can see that he truly does not understand the implication of God. He is a child on the verge of adulthood. He has every right to be confused and misinterpret religion because he is learning. Religion is figurative and imaginative it is what you believe it to be.Langston Hughes found himself in a world of misund erstanding. His confusion leads him to believe that there is no Jesus. This is part of the growing process. Learning from your own experience is the most important part of life. Conflict and struggle are also important aspects of life. They define each and every part of a humans living day. Therefore, the narrative techniques used throughout this essay truly help the reader visualize what the author sees, feels, and hears.Work CitiedHughes, Langston. Salvation. Subjects and Strategies.Ed. Paul Eschholz and Alfred Rosa.8th ed. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 1999. 218-22.