The Importance of Audit Independence

The Importance of Audit Independence1. IntroductionAs the development of the modern business, canvas is playing a more and more all important(predicate) role to in confident(predicate) the trueness of the pecuniary composition and help report users to make proper decisions. Consequently, it is very important for scrutinizeors to appease independency in body and head word when conducting an examine based on a universal limited fraternity. To expound this topic clearly, the essay is divided into the pursual parts Firstly, it makes a literature canvas of scrutinise freedom and concluded the viewpoint into four categories secondly, it introduces the definition of audit independence in body and understanding and stated the important of both of them separately Finally, it analyzes why it is important to remain audit independence from many angles such as shargonholders, creditors, government, operators and other stakeholders.2. Literature reviewWhen it comes to the audit inde pendence, many scholars have conducted systematic research in this topic. Some scholars pointed out that auditor has two kinds of independence- body and mind, miss of the former one may shake the publics confidence on independence and lead to interest conflicts, and lack of the latter one means auditors lose their professional ethics and this is very spartan (Carmichael Swieringa, 1968). Salehi have emphasized that the cornerstone for the auditing profession is audit independence. The auditors opinion is suspect without independence and the third parties think that there is no need for external auditors without independence (Salehi, 2009).Due to highschoolly publicized audit failures, the topic of auditor independence has gained increasing attention from academics, regulators, and practitioners around the world in recent years (Hope Langli, 2008). downstairs the background of many high profile companies fraud cases exposure such as Enron, Adelphia, WorldCom, the importance of audit independence to reform corporate governance is acquire more and more attention (Rezaee. 2003).As the no-audit services has become a more and more important lucrative business for CFA firms, audit independence is approximately influenced, which make it even more crucial to maintain audit independence for auditors (Gul, Tsui Dhaliwal, 2006).Besides, Bou-Raad G. emphasized the significance of audit importance from the value -added prospect. Internal auditors are not just a traditional audit for supervision but also a valuable access to assisting managers to execute the objectives of the organization. In other words, corporate forethought benefits from audit quality (Bou-Raad. 2000).From the literature preceding(prenominal), the importance of audit independence can be categorized into four reasons Firstly, audit independence can hold the public confidence and avoid interest conflicts Secondly, audit independence can help auditors to show high quality pecuniary report an d avoid scandals like Enron misfire Thirdly, the development of no-audit services make it more difficult but more important to maintain audit independence Lastly, audit independence can improve the quality of audit and it can assist managers to make strategy formulations.3. The introduction of audit independence in body and mindWhen it comes to remaining independence in body, it can be also called physical independence, external independence or surface independence. Auditors should take the role of independence auditors on front of the third parties. And it is the address evidence for the public judging the independence of auditors. formerly report users think that auditors have some current or potential human relationship that damages the independence with the consigner such as employment, business partner, family or relatives and so on, it will definitely decrease the audit function as they probably do not depend on those reports so very much (Law, 2010). Auditors should have no specific relationships with entity, and they mustnt hold equity stakes of the entity and should not be on the senior position of it. In order to avoid misunderstanding and enhance the trust, auditor must avoid or diminish this threat to a level which is acceptable. Independence in mind is hard to improve and the public can only infer the independence of auditors from the body like relationships with the entity and other stakeholders. Actually, even if auditors maintain independence in mind, as long as the public think they take sides with the entity or any other parties, no matter how precise the audit result is it is use slight.As for remaining independence in mind, it demands that there is no stake between auditor and the consigner intrinsically. In the whole auditing process, auditor should nurture an unbiased place that makes a professional decision and never succumbs to any external pressure. It comes up with higher requirement for auditors mindset. They are required to be neutral, objective and item-based.Actually, those two concepts are different but integrative. They reflect both external and internal sides. Only remaining independence in body and mind can make sure the auditing result persuasive. Also, the function and value of conducting audit can be realized.4. The importance of remaining audit independenceStakeholders make economy decisions by taking receipts of reports. Whether those reports are related and reliable are questions. Audit can help to solve this problem. However, auditor fails to fulfill the duty if they cannot remain independence in the conducting process. On one hand, report users will doubt this kind of dependence if they thought auditor and consigner belong to the same party. On the other hand, when auditor cannot keep an unbiased mindset, the auditing opinion probably gets wrong. For example, auditor fails to find out the information is cooked and issues unqualified opinion. This result is easy to conduct related repor t users for decision making. They may bear loss because of depending on this audit opinion. As the situation varies from Stakeholder to Stakeholder, the following analysis in the importance to remain independence in body and mind is based on different Stakeholders.4.1 The importance of audit independence for the shareholdersShareholders are the direct beneficiary of companies and they will get more bonuses if the companies operate successfully. Consequently, shareholders have high demand for audit independence. Actually, when the participation is in poor operation, controlling shareholders are not willing to public the truth, and then hurt the interest of minority shareholders. authoritative shareholders dont have the incentive to employ high independence auditors, and this phenomenon is called Entrenchment Effect (Fan Wong, 2002).As the shareholders right separates from the way right, owners do not involve into the daily management to the company. They employ mental faculty to operate their company and enjoy the gelts. Usually, shareholders care much about the profitability, efficiency, going concern, and solvency and so on. Those indexes reflect how well manager operates the company. Also, shareholders can measure managers action according to the information. Generally speaking, they obtain the information from the reports prepared by managers. However, the report may involve fraudulence because it is manager who makes those reports. It has the possibility that managers cook the report so as to cover up their mistakes, bad performance and other situation where they fail to fulfill their responsibility. At this time, auditors work helps answer the question that how much report users can depend on the report information. But if auditor is unable to keep independence, it probably arouses the doubt to audit opinion from report users. Obviously, audit loses the value under this condition. Without unbiased and objective audit opinion, report users are unab le to acquire useful information to know the companys condition and assess managers performance. Once shareholders lose control to the company, this business mechanism will definitely go disorder as managers probably make their own benefits by taking utility of shareholders resource and power and regardless of the limitation from regulation and law (Agbejule, 2009). In the end, the company probably goes to liquidation or bankruptcy.4.2 The importance of audit independence for creditorNowadays, debtor-creditor relationshipis very common and necessary. Debtors want to loan in order to expend production or develop new market, and creditors want to obtain interest exploitation their spare cash. And what the creditors concern most is the debtors ability to pay for the debt. The debtors fiscal reports can offer some information such as some ratios which can soften the debt paying ability. And if the company has a bad financial result, creditors can consider calling in a loan ahead of the expiry day to overlay their money is safe. However, those reports are made by the debtor. Therefore, creditors may raise the doubt whether there exists the possibility that debtor offer false information to diddle money or conceal the fact that they have no ability to pay that money back. At this time, auditors work can eliminate or alleviate this doubt. However, audit cant work out if auditor were unable to remain independence when conducting the audit. Creditors are likely to make a wrong decision due to the failed audit opinion. When creditor lends money to unqualified debtor, it probably bears a lot of bad accounts and toxic asset as consequence (Siddiqui, 2002). Consequently, audit independence which can help to provide true financial reports is very crucial to creditors.4.3 The importance of audit independence to governmentAs a company operates within one country, it uses the infrastructure device and investment environment offered by the government. It should take on ta x responsibility. The financial statement provided by companies is the evidence for government to decide whether levy or not and how many to levy. For example, business tax is based on the gross income of the company which can be found on the income statement. And the income tax is based on the profit also from income statement. If company cooks the financial reports in order to save tax cost, the government will be suffered directly. Therefore, government will conduct audit in case of tax evasion.Moreover, lacking of audit independence would influence government indirectly. If auditors provided fake financial reports, the pubic will be suffered. They will have less confidence on the trueness of the operation of the company, and the stakeholders will feel betrayed. If their interests are impaired, conflicts would emerge, and it is bad for the stability of the society. That is why the government published the 2002 Sarbanes-Oxley Act after the Enron Bomb.4.4 The importance of audit in dependence for operatorMany people may misunderstand that auditor is enemy to operator referring to manager in this essay and the existence of audit is a stone in the way. This idea is partial and shallow. The role of audit plays is to increase the dependence to the information and check whether the whole business activities are in accordance with the regulation. To some degree, it serves to obtain superior management (Shih, 2006). Sometimes, auditors will come up with solutions to the existing management problems. For example, the internal control has leak which may encounter situation where damages the whole benefits of company. Going details, the design of regulation may give a chance for embezzlement. Or auditor finds out some staff goes against regulation. Cases like that should call managers attention for better management. If auditor cannot keep independence when conducting audit, it will pose the threat to the company such as damage the company benefits. For example, the au ditor is a brother to the cashier. When this auditor conducts audit to cash, he cant remain independence or his independence has been affected. He may conceal the fact if the cashier had some guilt and issues unqualified opinion (Fadzil, 2005). Because of this opinion, managers cant notice this threat. It may have a bad effect on their working performance and company development.4.5 The importance of audit independence for the other stakeholdersThe existence of a company has to bear many responsibilities. Therefore, the stakeholders can never be limited to the above mention. When a company becomes a listed company namely a public limited company, it has to fulfill more duties to the society and accept more supervision from the public. It raises investment company by stock shares. Its public investors sell or buy the shares in the stock exchange, and their decision usually relies in the financial reports. However, those reports perhaps cannot reflect the financial position and incom e condition. Audit opinion is very important in their decision making process. If auditor could not remain independence, the audit opinion will mislead the users. Investors will lose money if they invested a loss company. For example, the collapse of Enron results from the accounting firm Andersen failed to remain independence. In the end, the share price cannot reflect the value of the company (Abbott, 2000). Stock market will go wrong and the economy will fall apart.5. ConclusionsThe most important responsibility for auditors is to provide high quality financial report which can help report users to make right decisions. The authenticity and reliability of the financial report is very crucial because it directly decides the strategies of stakeholders. The trueness of financial report which is also the quality of audit is decided by two factors professional competence of auditors and audit independence, and the latter is more important. Audit failures caused by lack of audit indepe ndence have led to many companies fraud cases. Audit independence is also the need of shareholders, creditors, government, operators and other stakeholders. All in all, it is really important for auditors to remain independence in body and mind when conducting an audit.

Technology Used In Mobile Wallet Computer Science Essay

applied science Used In peregrine Wallet Computer Science EssayMobile wallet system is an innovative and revolutionary breakthrough sprightly commerce solution that offers the conveniences of cash-less shopping, as well as making remote reachments via all mobile phone, where financial and merchandising transactions are done at the touch of the fingertips.Technology used in mobile wallet is known as Near champaign colloquy (NFC). Near Field Communication is a short range high frequency which changes the exchange of data between devices everyplace about a 10 centimeter distance.Keywords Mobile wallet, Near Field Communication, mobile commerce, intelliwal, DORIS i.e. Digital online registration and identification system. , RFID i.e. Radio Frequency IdentificationI. originMobile wallet also known as wallet phone is a mobile enabled performance that will replace a device from your goop i.e. your wallet. The emerging wireless and mobile networks have extended electronic commer ce to another research and application subject i.e. mobile commerce. This creates new opportunities for customers to conduct transmission line from any location at any bit of time. One of the significant application of mobile applications is transforming the mobile phone into a mobile wallet with digital cash that supports both as real cash and security 1. It is a type of mobile payment technology in which instead of paying with cash, checks or credit cards, a consumer can use a mobile phone to pay for wide range of services and digital or goods such asMusic, videos, ringtones, online game purchase, wallpapers and other goods.Transportation fare of bus, train etcBooks, magazines, tickets and other goodsThere are four primary models for mobile paymentsDirect Mobile BillingSMS establish transactional paymentsMobile web payments (WAP)NFC (Near Field Communication)So in the payment models, mobile wallet uses NFC technologyII. System RequirementA. Hardware requirementMobile resound th at should be NFC enabled.Touch point i.e. NFC enabled machineDoris SD card token for security purpose.B. Software requirementIntelliwalDORISOperating systemProgramming languageIntelliwal is a offend running mobile phone application which incorporates and extends all the functionality provided by a conventional physical wallet 8. History of all the transaction is maintained in this application.Digital online registration and identification system, for short DORIS is in the main for security purpose 8.Operating system for mobiles should be symbian.Programming language used is C++.III. Technology UsedNear Field Communication (NFC)Near Field Communication, for short NFC is a technology for short range communication. It uses magnetic field induction to enable communication between electronic devices based on Radio Frequency Identification (RFID). We have to just bring two NFC enabled devices in close come to for communication .Some examples of what a user can do with an NFC mobile pho ne in an NFC-enabled environmentDownload music or video from a swank poster.Exchange business cards with another NFC enabled phone.Print an image on a printer using your phone.Use a point-of-sale terminal to pay for a purchase, the same way as with a standard contactless credit card.Can pay train or bus fare using your phone.Communication Modes of NFCActive modePassive modeIn active mode devices can communicate with each other. Each device has to generate its own RF field, if it wants to send data. The RF field is alternately generated by one of the two devices.In passive mode a device has to use inductive conglutination to transmit data. For battery powered devices, like mobile phone it is better to use in passive mode. In this mode communication takes place between active device and passive device.OPERATING MODES OF NFCNFC devices work in three different operating modes 8PEER-TO-PEER MODEREADER/WRITER MODETAG rivalry MODEIV. System DescriptionWhile using mobile wallet we should have a mobile phone with NFC enabled in it and one touch point NFC enabled machine. If we want to buy anything just bring our mobile in contact of touch point and we can simply do the transaction using our mobile phone by entering the product code in an application called intelliwal which is present in NFC enabled handset.Intelliwal is a smart running mobile phone application which incorporates and extends all the functionality provided by a conventional physical wallet. History of all the transaction is maintained in this application.Digital online registration and identification system, for short DORIS is mainly for security purpose. DORIS works as tri interface chip is attached to NFC enabled mobile phone which provides authentication.V. ApplicationsMobile wallet application can be used by anyone having NFC enables handset. Currently nokia is giving this facility in roughly of its handset. It is more secure than keeping a wallet 9.Using NFC technology we can exchange data betwe en two devices, pay bus or train fare, print image on printer and lots of other applications.VI. AdvantagesMobile wallet provides immunity from keeping your wallet, credit card, debit card etc with you. Using your mobile phone you can shop anywhere you want.NFC has many favors such as mobile ticketing in public transport, exchange of data etc.VII. Future ApplicationMobile wallet can be used as Electronic ticketing airline tickets, concert/event tickets, and others.Electronic money.Travel cards.Identity documents.Mobile commerce.Electronic keys car keys, house/office keys, hotel room keys, etc 3.Currently it is in use in some countries such as US. Forging a tie-up with ICICI Bank and Bharti Airtel it is expected that nearly half of present Indian population will use this by 2010 4.VIII. ConclusionMobile wallet provides freedom from keeping your wallet, credit card, debit card etc with you. Using your mobile phone you can shop anywhere.Near Field Communication is an efficient tech nology for communications with short ranges. It offers an intuitive and simple way to transfer data between electronic devices. A significant advantage of this technique is the compatibility with existing RFID infrastructures.

Salvation Essay example -- Langston Hughes Religion Essays

Salvation In Langston Hughes essay Salvation, Langston talks about the first time he is going to be saved from sin. Langston is a late boy around the age of thirteen. He is going to church to see Jesus for the first time. In which case, he truly set abouts religion for the first time in his life. Throughout this essay Langston uses many narrative techniques such as, imagery, metaphors, and irony to explain his interpretation of that star night when he did non see Jesus. It was the night of the big revival, and Langston, a young boy going on the age of thirteen, was brought to his Aunt Reeds church to see Jesus and be saved from sin. His aunty told him, when you were saved from sin you saw a light, and something happened to you inside (219). He believed her. When he was brought to church, his aunt order him to the front row, where he sat calmly and patiently in the heat, waiting for the preacher to begin the service. The Preacher welcomed the young lambs (219) and started his s ermon. Towards the end of his speech he invited the young children to the altar to be saved. At this point, Langston was confused because he was not seeing Jesus before him. All the young boys and girls sprang to their feet except Langston and another boy named Westley. They were the notwithstanding two left on, what the parishioners of the church c eached, the mourners bench (218). Finally, Westley became very restless and decided that he was not going to sit on this bench anymore. Langston was left there all alone untilhis aunt ran over to him and asked him why he was not going to Jesus. She knelt there and prayed for him. Langston sat there waiting for something to happen, but nothing He truly wanted to see Jesus but he did not. Finally, he thought to himself and saw that nothing had happened to Westley for lying about not seeing Jesus. Langston indeed decides that he, too, will go to the altar and lie, hoping that nothing will happen to him for lying to God. Suddenly, loud cr ies of rejoice were heard throughout the church and everyone was pleased to see that all the new young lambs were blessed in the name of God (220). That night Langston cried because he did not understand why he did not see Jesus. His aunt had heard him and explained to his uncle, the Holy Ghost had come into my life (220). From that point on he did not believe there was a Jesus, since he d... ...fighting his feelings about not seeing Jesus. He feels that he is lying to God and himself by getting up and being saved even though he cannot see Jesus. regular(a) though the reader knows that he truly is being saved from sin. He is doing something good for himself. Therefore, we can see that he truly does not understand the implication of God. He is a child on the verge of adulthood. He has every right to be confused and misinterpret religion because he is learning. Religion is figurative and imaginative it is what you believe it to be.Langston Hughes found himself in a world of misund erstanding. His confusion leads him to believe that there is no Jesus. This is part of the growing process. Learning from your own experience is the most important part of life. Conflict and struggle are also important aspects of life. They define each and every part of a humans living day. Therefore, the narrative techniques used throughout this essay truly help the reader visualize what the author sees, feels, and hears.Work CitiedHughes, Langston. Salvation. Subjects and Strategies.Ed. Paul Eschholz and Alfred Rosa.8th ed. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 1999. 218-22.

Causing Child Support Problems Essay -- Social Work

When the economy is bad, providing for a family can be extremely difficult for a single-parent household. It becomes more than difficult when a non-custodial parent stops making court-ordered electric razor bide payments that the family depends on. One would think that a government funded program that claims to provide the same commixture of services to both welfare and non-welfare recipients would be beneficial in retaining the backup from the non-residential parent. However, this is not true in all child support cases. Single-family households, who do not receive their child support, are living in poverty because child support specialists are overwhelmed with welfare cases that they make a priority. In the case of the child support specialist, it is all about the return of investment for the government. Because of the increased percentage of welfare cases, it is the understaffed child support specialists position to focal point primarily on collecting money for the federal go vernment, which in many cases leaves non-welfare recipients without help. Single-family households are suffering in a world of poverty because of overwhelmed child support specialists who focus primarily on their welfare cases due to the growing child support policies, high volume of divorce rates, poor economic conditions and teen pregnancies.With the policies ever-changing frequently, it can be difficult for child support specialists to stay informed of the laws and the procedures that are required by them to perform their job duties. Also with so many responsibilities, it is difficult for specialists to complete their duties in the limited time given per case. With so many changes in the federal and state policies, I wonder if the child support specialists are staying informe... ...rt Effective Programs to Reduce the Number of Child Support Enforcement Cases. Policies Studies Journal 35.3 (2007) 546-547. Social Sciences Full Text. Web. 25 Feb. 2012.Cornanor, William. Law and Eco nimics of Child Support Payments . N.p. Elgar Publishing, 2004. ABC-CLIO eBook Collection. Web. 9 Dec. 2011. split Rate. Divorce Rate. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Apr. 2012.Laakso, Janice H. Child Support Policy Some Critical Issues and the Implications for Social Work. Social Work 45.4 (2000) 367-370. ProQuest Research Library Prep. Web. 25 Feb. 2012.Lamb, Michael. Role of the founding father in Child Development. 4th ed. N.p. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2004. ABC-CLIO eBook Collection. Web. 2 Dec. 2011.United States. Child Support Enforcement. Handbook on Child Support Enforcement. Washing D.C n.p., 2008. U.S. Department of valet de chambre and Health Services. Web. 5 Apr. 2012.

The Anglican Liturgy Essay -- Religion/Spirituality

the supplication Book is not only a manual of commonplace devotions, it contains the fullest statement of the teaching of the church service. This understanding of the prayer book as the dominant treatise of Anglican belief is central to this essays argument that the Episcopal Book of parking lot Prayer (1979), and particularly its rite of Baptism, has fundamentally shifted Anglican thinking and liturgical practice in relation to Eucharist and ministry. We will explore this argument by first clarifying what is said in the Book of Common Prayer (1979), especially within its preface to the rite of Baptism, comparing this to the Book of Common Prayer 1662, to elicit differences and subtle nuances within the theology expressed. The consequences of these changes in relation to Eucharistic practice and invitation will then be explored, particularly the way in which halt is understood in the new schema. Following this, we will seek to understand the impact that this has had upon t he Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand, and Polynesia and how it has affected our Anglican identicalness liturgically and ecclesiologically, especially in regards to ministry. Finally, we will offer a small critique of the liturgical understanding of Baptism as full initiation to the Eucharistic table, drawing upon scriptural images and Church teaching to pose questions of whether this is appropriate. Holy Baptism is full initiation by water and the Holy Spirit into Christs body the Church. These hardly a(prenominal) words are the initiatory comments in the Book of Common Prayer (1979) concerning the rite of Baptism and the purpose of the service. Within them lies an understanding that, while possibly implicit, in anterior Prayerbooks had not been made clear, or was deliberate... ...can Style. July 10, 2010. http//anglocatholic.net/2010/07/10/communion-anglican-style/ (accessed May 14, 2012).The Church of England. The Book of Common Prayer and Administration of the Sac raments and opposite Rites and Ceremonies of the Church according to the use of The Church of England. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1662.The Church of the Province of Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia. A New Zealand Prayer Book/He Karakia Mihinare o Aotearoa. Auckland Collins, 1989.The Episcopal Church. The Book of Common Prayer and Administration of the Sacraments and Other Rites and Ceremonies of the Church together with the Psalter or Psalms of David according to the use of the Episcopal Church. New York, NY Church Hymnal Group & Seabury Press, 1979.White, James F. Introduction to Christian Worship. tertiary Edition. Nashville, TN Abingdon Press, 2000.

J.B.Priestley’s play, An Inspector Calls :: English Literature

AN INPSECTOR CALLSThe six long years of anguish and fear had ended and the people ofBritain were entirely retrieve from the effects of World War Two. J.BPriestly a writer, who at the time was fifty one, was deeply involvedwith the war being a member of the infantry, and moreover just escapeddeath on a number of occasions. After his experiences throughout thehorrific war, Priestly picked back up on his career which started forward all of the battling and turned his attentions to writing plays.His first play after the war was known to be An tester Calls,which was eventually published in the same year. The boloney involvesthat of different opinions and actions, and of regrets.The rich and celebrated Birling family are spending a happy eveningtogether celebrating the engagement of Sheila Birling to Gerald Croft a marriage that pull up stakes result in the merging of two successful localbusinesses. Yet, just when everything seems to be going so well, theyreceive a surprise visit fro m an Inspector Goole who is investigatingthe suicide of a young girl. He questions each one of the familymembers and future family members in turn about the suicide of EvaSmith, and as the play unravels it becomes pellucid that each member ofthe family has been intertwined with her life.J.B Priestly uses his play An Inspector Calls as a way of gettingacross his socio-political views. He believed that people ofdifferent classes were being inured completely oppositely anddemanded that something should be done. One of the key ways heemphasises points thorough the whole play is by the salienttechniques he uses. In the telephone circuit of An Inspector Calls the Birlingfamily and Gerald Croft change from a state of great self-satisfactionto a state of extreme self-doubt. The play is in real time - inother words, the level lasts exactly as long as the play is on thestage. So, what happens in a comparatively short time to create such adramatic contrast? How is the drama maintained and the audienceinvolved?Probably the main and most obvious dramatic technique that J.BPriestly uses is through the characters. The characters act as J.BPriestleys thoughts and actions, and his emotions are unveiledthroughout the play via them.As one of the most important and main characters in the play, MrBirling is used in some ways as a dramatic device. The fact he caresonly about himself and his family and not about anyone else in theworld. We know this to be true, as just before the inspector arrives

The Life of Kate Chopin Compared to the Life of Edna Potilier Essay

The events of Kate Chopins life strongly influence the feminist traits of Edna Pontilier, the main character in her novel The Awakening. Kate Chopin is known for her literary works that represent culture in New Orleans, Louisiana, and of womens struggles for freedom. Pontilier also demonstrates a wo piece of musics struggle in the 1800s and their search for a better and more independent future. The lives of Kate Chopin and Edna Pontilier are similar in their feminist views and strong urge for a free and independent life.Kate Chopin was raised under the influence of strong, independent women who told her to do what she wanted in life and not let anyone get in her way (McMahon). Her grandmother was and independent woman who worked for herself and provided a good example that woman did not need a man to make it in the world. Chopin?s mother taught her from childhood that she should always depend on herself and no one else. Also, Chopin and Pontilier were avid readers of books about eve ryday women gaining their freedom. Chopin read books such as Little Women, an 1876 novel about the lives of four sisters growing up during the American Civil War and Jane Eyre, an 1874 novel about a small, intelligent, and passionate strip girl who struggles greatly on her way to freedom and independence . These books influenced her to make her novel The Awakening have a feminist viewpoint. Additionally, both women were married extemporaneous for the restrictions that went along with married life. They were used to being free and making their own decisions before marriage and were surprised at what was expected of them of hostel as wives. Kate Chopin defied society in many ways. She smoked cigarettes, questioned the Catholic church, loved to read and write a... ... Awakening was regarded by critics as vulgar, unwholesome, unholy and a misappropriation of Chopin?s especial(a) literary talent.? ? The English Department of Bowling Green State University. After many years of critic ism and questioning The Awakening was finally given the evaluate and recognition it deserved. Kate Chopin had many influences throughout her life that made her become the feminist writer she was when writing The Awakening. Edna Pontilier was created as a feminist because of influence of others on Chopin?s life, personal experiences and the enforcement of societal expectations placed on Chopin during this time. Both women defied society to obtain freedom and independence in a society where women were objects, not people. Without the influences in Kate Chopin?s life, Edna Pontilier my not have been the dynamic character she was during the novel.